Solid state mems thrusters using electrically controlled. Propellant grains leading to extinguishable and restartale solid propel. High performance electrically controlled solution solid. Each suited to either scaling up or down isps of 220 sec. Solid propellants in this chapter we describe several common solid rocket propellants, their principal categories, ingredients, hazards, manufacturing processes, and qual ity control. The invention relates to motor designs that utilize electrically controlled extinguishable solid propellants for the purpose of generating thrust that is throttleable, extinguishable, and. Pdf present study focuses on the type of solid propellant whose burn process can be. The solid propellant thruster as described in claim 1, wherein the electrical power is selected from the group consisting of alternating current, direct current, and capacitive discharge. The book is a treatise on solid propellants in nine chapters, covering the history, chemistry, energetics, processing and characterization aspects of composite solid propellants, internal ballistics, advanced solid propellants, safety, quality and reliability and homogenous or double base propellants. When solid rocket motor 500 shuts down, the propellant grain 525 simply ceases to burn leaving the solid rocket motor 500 generally unscathed.
A green, safe, multipulse solid motor for cubesat orbit changing electrically controlled extinguishable solid propellantrocket motor development shell oil company. Solid propellant com bustion mechanisms and flame structure m. Marshalls solid propulsion team has decades of comprehensive experience with solids from nanoscale to heavylift applications. The focus of this work is the electrical and ablation characteristics of electric solid propellant within an arc discharge. Summary knowing how burning rate relates and changes with mass flow, pressure, and temperature is key to solid motor design. The propellant grain is a cast, molded, or extruded body and its appearance and feel is similar to that of hard rubber or plastic. This type of propellant typically contains a multimodal distribution of ap nh4 clo 4 grains. Expired fee related, expires 20281211 application number us10. This paper focuses on the ablation of an electric solid propellant in ppt operation.
Barkley 1, keke zhu 1, joel lynch 2, mann y ballest ero 2, james b. Solid propellants are widely used in rocket propulsion applications. Fabrication and investigation of 3dprinted gun propellants. The propellants consist of a thermite and a gasgenerating substance, in which nanoalcuo and nitrocellulose are the best substances for solid propellant. Wo2008060255a2 electrically controlled extinguishable. The invention relates to motor designs that utilize electrically controlled extinguishable solid propellants for the purpose of generating thrust that is throttleable, extinguishable, and reignitable. The grain is the shaped mass of processed solid propellant inside the rocket motor. Multiple ignitions, extinguishments and throttle control of aspen propellant have been demonstrated by the application of electrical power. Grain configuration is necessary in large scale motors, but can be. They are often tailored by specific applications such as space launchers, missiles, and guns. A survey of some peculiar ignition features of solid propellants is conducted in an attempt to identify possible civil applications of this specialized technological area. A 3d printed gun propellant based on stereolithography sla was developed to overcome the li. Experience and expertise in manufacturing gas generators, missile starter cartridges and inflation systems. Solid state mems thrusters using electrically controlled extinguishable solid propellant, phase i metadata updated.
Nanothermitebased propellants are useful propellants for microthrusters. A solid propellant rocket motor comprising a cylin of propellant, and the shell 14 another type of different drical casing having one end closed and the other end burning rate, in which case the thickness dimensions 15 open, a grain of solid propellant bonded over the entire. Selfextinguishable solid propellant cross reference to related applications this application claims the benefit of provisional applica tion ser. Combustion study of composite solid propellants containing. The shape and size of a propellant grain determines the burn time, amount of gas, and rate produced from the burning propellant and, as a consequence, thrust vs time profile. This propellant featured additives with the ammonium nitrate base to lower melting point and increase electrical.
Throttle control of an extinguishable solid propellant thruster system. Electric solid propellant ablation in an arc discharge. Other articles where solid propellant is discussed. The solid propellant is normally in the form of a propellant grain placed within the interior of the rocket motor e. Electric propellant solid rocket motor thruster results enabling small satellites. Electrically controlled extinguishable solid propellants escsp are capable of multiple ignitions, extinguishments and throttle control by the application of electrical power. The solid rocket motor comprises a case 510, nozzle 520, an igniter shown as an ignition charge 530, and propellant grain 525 that is within a combustion chamber 540. Performance measurements of electric solid propellant in. Extinguishable solid propellant under uaf sbir funding2. Observation of latetime ablation in electric solid.
Design of such motors, including choice of electrode materials, the form of electric power, and exemplary facialextent electrode and axialextent electrode configurations are also provided. The surfactant provides the solid propellant the property of being selfextinguishing, where the burning rate of the solid composite propellant as a function of pressure includes a negative pressure dependence portion, wherein the burning rate in the negative. Rocket propulsion elements, 8th edition by oscar biblarz, george p. Higherperformance solid rocket propellants are used in large strategic missiles as opposed to commercial launch vehicles. Components and properties the choosing of propellant type is at the core of any solid rocket motor design. Propellant properties propellants are intended to do work in a finite time. This development process began adding ingredients to the ammonium nitrate based propellant to lower the melting point and increase the electrical conductivity during chemical combustion. May 2, 2019 et materials, llc developed the first ever electrically controlled extinguishable solid propellant ecesp. Electrically controlled extinguishable solid propellant motors. These propellants are insensitive to ignition by flame and are both nonself. The extinguishable propellant development would be coordinated with digital solid state propulsion llc who has demonstrated the ignition and extinguishing response of the propellant. The challenge that exists is scalability necessary to provide. Pdf measurements of dielectric properties of condensed. Digital solid state microthrusters using electrically.
It is, therefore, with energy and burning speed that this topic is mainly concerned. Solid state digital cluster thrusters for small satellites. Types of rocket propulsion solid fuel and oxidizer coexist in a solid matrix liquid fluid liquid or gas propellants stored separately propellants routed to a combustion chamber to react hybrid combines elements of solid and liquid propulsion fluid oxidizer injected into solid. The propellant material and geometrical configuration of the grain determine the motor performance characteristics.
This propellant was called aspen, which demonstrated multiple ignitions and extinguishments and throttle control with variable electric power input. Both core and end burning no moving parts ecesp grainsmotors to three inches in diameter have now been tested. Full text of fundamentals of solid propellant combustion see other formats. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed. One exemplary material is disclosed in a patent entitled. Hunley nasa dryden flight research center edwards, california abstract contributions to the evolution of solid propellant rocketry have come from a variety of sources. Introduction to explosives and propellants part of the text from parti of this chapter has been presented. Recent research has also explored improving the efficiency of propellant mixes, and marshall is currently testing propellants for expo. Pdf ignition and extinction of solid propellants by. Propellant and propulsion general dynamics ordnance and. The type of ingredients tolerates the output physical and chemical properties of the mixture, thus controlling the.
Et materials, llc developed the first ever electrically controlled extinguishable solid propellant ecesp. Solid propulsion systems continue to be a reliable way to provide thrust and are used in almost every earthtoorbit launch capability. The major disadvantage of solid propellant is once extinguished cant be stopped which may. Solid composite propellant compositions include at least one oxidizing agent, at least one binder, and at least one surfactant. We use cookies to offer you a better experience, personalize content, tailor advertising, provide social media features, and better understand the use of our services. Ninan high energy oxidisers fcir advanced solid propellants and explosives advances in solid propellant technology, p1 international hems1 workshop, ranchi, india, 2002, 87106. The method of approach differs from that with high explosives, because the hydrodynamic theory, so useful in that case, is of little value with propellants. The solid propellant thruster as described in claim 6, wherein the electrode is made of one of either aluminum or copper. The experimental apparatus is described in section ii, and the results. Electricallyassisted, high performance, extinguishable solid propellant for advanced thrust control motors. Machining of solid propellant surfaces is generally done by large cutting machines specially modified to accommodate the safety hazards associated with solid propellants. Plume characterization of electric solid propellant pulsed. Internal ballistics simulation of a solid propellant rocket motor. The chemistry and technology of solid rocket propellants.
Here the oxidizer and propellant were mixed into a. Propellant grain and grain configuration chamber pressure. Solid solution vehicle airbag clean gas generator propellant. Motor designs that enable the control of ignition, combustion burn rate, extinguishment, and reignition of solid propellants by precise application of electrical power are provided. Abstract a generalised model of burning of a solid rocket propellant based on kinetics of propellant. Solid propellant grains for the large rocket motors of interest are usually too. Two disadvantages of solid propellants are the difficulty in varying thrust on demand i. Solid propellant is ignited generating specified volume of gas creating pressure that fractures the rock propellant type, amount, and burning rate can be adjusted depending on geological conditions propellants can be designed to operate in the pressure and rise rate regime between singleblast explosives and hf. Us7788900b2 electrically controlled extinguishable solid. World war ii research on large solids enabled one company to capitalize on work in the area of. Electric solid propellants are also being considered for pulsed arc ablation electric thrusters, such as the pulsed plasma thruster. Pdf microwavesupported plasma combustion enhancement of.
This material exhibited performance metrics comparable to that of previous solid rocket propellants, but major problems existed with the. Concepts and approaches for mars exploration 2012 4264. Kakumanu et al combustion study of composite solid propellants containing metal phthalocyanines composite solid propellants. In order to prevent or reduce premature reignition of extinguishable solid propellant motors, a laboratory investigation has been made to search for methods that could eliminate or reduce the exothermicity of propellant grade ammonium perchlorate exposed to temperatures of 3503900 c. Background of the invention the present invention discloses a novel selfextinguishing, solid propellant system composed of fuel, oxidizer, a flameretardant additive which confers pressuresensitive extinguishability upon a cured propellant grain, and a binder consisting of a polymeric resin prepared from acid salts of amineterminated polyglycols. Solid propellant gas generator exhausts into tank rather than an airbag solid propellant combustion produces gas which is used to pressurize and discharge the suppression agent can match fluid agent to fire threat 3m tmnovec 1230 watersurfactantfoam blends hfc125, hfc227ea, etc. Engine systems, controls, and integration solid propellant rocket fundamentals solid propellants solid propellant combustion and its stability solid rocket components and motor design hybrid propellant rockets electric propulsion thrust vector. Electric propellant solid rocket motor thruster results enabling. Different types of solid propellants pakistan defence.
The material exhibited conductivity performance metrics comparable to that of previous solid rocket propellants, but major problems existed with the. Prediction and measurement of specific impulse, jp. Electrically controlled solid propellants ecsps provide a completely new approach to tailor solid propellant burning rates, and an extensive range of lowhazard hydroxylamine nitrate hanbased ecsps have been developed. Hmx, c4h8n4no24, a nitramine with greater energy than ammonium perchlorate, is the main ingredient in nepe75 propellant used in the trident ii d5 fleet ballistic missile.
Gun propellant is the energy source of barrel weapons. Us8336287b1 solid propellant rocket motor having self. Development programs digital solid state propulsion. Us7770380b2 methods of controlling solid propellant. Digital solid state propulsion company developed the first ecesp electrically controlled. Solid composite propellants can be extinguished without the need for depressurization by reaching a cutoff pressure, and with a tailored burning rate. Electric propellant solid rocket motor thruster results. General dynamics ordnance and tactical systems has a long legacy of experience in the design, testing, and fabrication of solid propellants gas generators, missile guidance starter cartridges and associated dispensingejection systems for military and aerospace applications. A solid propellant rocket or solid rocket is a rocket with a rocket engine that uses solid propellants fueloxidizer. Solid propellant combustion and its stability solid design team. Full text of fundamentals of solid propellant combustion. Koehler 1 30th annual aiaausu conference on small satellites ssc17ii02. Review of solid propellant ignition models relative to the.
The shape and size of a propellant grain determines the burn time, amount of gas and rate produced from the burning propellant and consequently thrust vs time profile. Although the two oxidizers have very similar combustion. Many of these types of machines are built specifically for a particular rocket motor. Review of solid propellant ignition models relative to the interior ballistic modelling of gun systems executive summary solid propellant ignition and the evolution to selfsustained combustion is a highly complex physicochemical process, involving the transition of a stable solid propellant state. This propellant featured additives with the ammonium nitrate base to lower melting point and increase electrical conductivity. Dssp invented a new form of esp known as high performance electric propellant hipep, which is. The present invention relates to a solid rocket motor control system that uses state of the art electrically ignited, extinguishable and throttleable propellants. Electricallyassisted, high performance, extinguishable.
Solid propellant com bustion mechanisms and flame structure. However, the low thermal stability and poor electrical control properties of hanbased ecsps limit its application. This extinguishable solid propellant technology could be used on small inspace propulsion projects, allowing these small satellites to benefit from the high volumetric efficiency of solid propellants. Present study focuses on the type of solid propellant whose burn process can be controlled electrically. Us8584443b1 method and system for controlling solid. Solid propellant combustion and internal ballistics of motors, b. A solid rocket motor or composite propellant rocket motor is a rocket with a motor that uses solid propellants comprising a fuel and an oxidizer. Combustion study of solid propellants containing various contents of mpcs have been investigated and an effort has been made to obtain detailed. A grain is any individual particle of propellant regardless of the size or shape. Solid rocket propellants pdf the sketch below shows a section view of a typical solid propellant rocket. Ongoing research has led to a newer family of even higher performance ecesp providing up to 10% higher isp.
Electrically controlled extinguishable solid propellant. The solid propellant thruster as described in claim 6, wherein the electrode is made of a material selected from the group consisting of. Selfextinguishable solid propellant semantic scholar. The thrusters described in the present invention are directed to electrically controllable rocket motors based on a class of controllable i propellants called electrically controlled extinguishable solid propellants ecesps. Specific impulse of electric solid propellant in an. This propellant featured additives with the ammonium nitrate base to lower melting point and increase electrical conductivity 2. A solid rocket propellant formulation consists of a range of different chemical ingredients such as oxidizers, fuels, binders, plasticizers, curing agents, stabilizers, and crosslinking agents. Microwavesupported plasma combustion enhancement of composite solid propellants using alkali metal dopants stuart j. The startstop capabilities were first demonstrated in end burning configurations that operated by feeding the propellant against stationary electrodes. The development of solid propellant thruster technology, both of propellant formulations and system configurations, largely concerns methods of burn rate control, and thus thrust control to satisfy mission design requirements. Ammonium perchlorate apbased composite propellants have been a workhorse in the field of solid rocket propulsion for more than five decades.
The earliest rockets were solid fuel rockets powered by gunpowder. Marshall tested a small solid rocket motor designed to mimic nasas sls booster. Impulse measurements of electric solid propellant in an. The solid propellant thruster as described in claim 12, wherein the solid propellant is ignited within the body of the solid propellant. Lithiumperchloratepolyvinylalcoholbased aluminized. A solid fuel rocket or solid rocket is a rocket with a rocket engine that uses solid. Aerojet solid propellant and hybrid fire extinguishers for. Internal ballistics simulation of a solid propellant rocket motor marc faria gomes disserta. This new patented class of energetic rocket propellant is safe, controllable and simple. Results from ablation mass, impulseperpulse and timeofflight measurements are coupled with high speed imagery to show that the electric solid propellant exhibits latetime ablation. Atk company overview experience with propellant well.
Kulkami high energy materials research laboratory, pune4 021 and k. The original propellant developed under air force sbir contracts became know as aspen. Solid propellants were, eventually, easier to make, safer to store, lighter in weight because they did not require onboard pumps, and more reliable than their liquid predecessors. The desirable characteristics for a solid propellant are high speci. Jul 03, 2019 electric solid propellants are also being considered for pulsed arc ablation electric thrusters, such as the pulsed plasma thruster. Beckstead brigham young university, provo, utah abstract ap and hmx are the two oxidizers used most often in modern solid propellants, either composite propellants or composite modified double base propellants. We also discuss liners and insulators, propellants for igniters, tailoring of propellants, and propellants for gas generators. Quenching of solid propellant combustion grant afafosr089767 march 1970 department of chemical engineering this research under grant afafosr089767, project task no.